How a solar storm could be forecast.

There are several sources of geomagnetic or solar storms, one would be the solar wind escaping from coronal holes, a coronal hole is a region in the solar atmosphere where magnetic fields open up and allow solar wind to escape, they are called coronal holes because It shows a dark appearance before the filters of solar telescopes, but in reality they are not black areas, they are areas with lower temperatures and densities compared to the rest of the sun.

But the majority origin of solar storms are sunspots, if we would need special filters to see a coronal hole, to see sunspots we could see them with the naked eye, but be careful because you cannot look at the sun without adequate protection, the best thing to do is use the corresponding filters or project the image of the sun on a piece of paper.

A sunspot is a region of the sun that has a lower temperature than the one in its surroundings and also has intense magnetic activity, can be larger than the earth and last from a few days to a couple of months, although normal is that they last a couple of weeks, from the sunspots the flares can explode that have two effects, the first the fastest, because the speed of light reaches us is the flash of radiation, which can cause problems in communications by radio and also problems in space satellites.

The second effect is an injection of coronal mass, which is a cloud of charged particles or also called plasma, which travels more slowly and takes several days without reaching the earth, it takes between 1 to 3 days depending on the speed with which has been expelled

Typically, what a space climatologist would do first take into account that the sun takes an average of 27 days to rotate, so space climatologists can get an idea of ​​what happens on the other side of the sun thanks to the images of the outbursts. that occur on the side that we do not see and also thanks to the study of helioseismology, in this way they can anticipate if there is an active spot on the other side that we do not see and thus be alert when the sun turns that that stain appears on the side we see and therefore is pointing at us.

The second step, the days have passed, the sun rotates and shows us a large active sunspot, so you have to watch its activity, if you are not aiming, if the sunspot is unstable, because the sunspot can also remain calm and not end up causing no solar flare, but if in the end there is an outburst, let's say one of class X, which are the most powerful, because we would have the flash of radiation that would arrive in about 8 minutes, we cannot avoid that.

Although what is being monitored are the sunspots to see how unstable they are and thus be able to provide whether there is going to be an outburst or not, and in this way send an alert to the operators and space satellites and other sensitive systems so that they consider and can have their systems in safe mode to avoid problems in the event of a Flash of a solar flare explosion.

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