Hydrogen- the most abundant element in the universe! -Part 14-

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(Edited)

Nuclear spin of hydrogen nuclei (protons):


Hydrogen-1

  • Similar to electrons, protons and neutrons have spin angular moments. The elementary moments are put together to form a resultant with a quantum number for the total nuclear spin I. The resultant is zero if every nucleon is paired, and I = 0. The resultant is not zero when there are unpaired nucleons, and I is not zero. An integer multiple of 1/2 can be represented by the value of I.
    In general, spin I quantum numbers for nuclei with an even number of protons and neutrons are zero.

The hydrogen nucleus' spin is equal to +1/2. A magnetic moment of spin M is connected to the angular momentum of spin.
The value of a quantum number MI, also known as the magnetic quantum number, determines the component Mz of the moment M in an external magnetic field with direction Oz.
The following values of MI are possible for a given value of I:

  • -I, -I+1,........, I-1, I (Let 2I+1 values)
    If: I= 1/2, The magnetic moment vector can be pointed in either of two directions:
  1. MI= +1/2, the magnetic moment's composition follows the field's direction.
  2. MI= -1/2,the magnetic moment's composition and the field's directionality are at odds.

All orientations of the magnetic moment vector are degenerate in the absence of an external magnetic field, but the degeneracy is lifted in the presence of a field.
The states with the lowest and highest energies, respectively, are MI=+1/2 and MI= -1/2.

Bibliographic references:

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